diff --git a/notes/data-structures.org b/notes/data-structures.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b7c183 --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/data-structures.org @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +#+TITLE: Data Structures +#+AUTHOR: Christopher James Hayward + +#+HUGO_BASE_DIR: ~/.local/source/website +#+HUGO_SECTION: notes + ++ Built on primitive data types ++ Organization and management format ++ Forms the basis of abstract data types + +* Binary Tree + +#+begin_example + a + / \ + b c + / \ / \ +d e f +#+end_example + ++ Hierarchical data structure ++ Different from Arrays, Lists, Stacks & Queues + +| Node | Type | Description | +|---------+------+-----------------------------------| +| a | Root | Topmost node of the tree | +| b, c | Node | Children of a, parents of d, e, f | +| d, e, f | Node | Leaves (nothing below) | + +** Example + +Using =C++=, we begin by including the ~stdc++~ header and the ~std~ namespace. + +#+begin_src cpp +#include +using namespace std; +#+end_src + +We then define the data structure to represent a =Node= within the tree, including a constructor method for creating new instances easily. + +#+begin_src cpp +struct Node { + int data; + struct Node* left; + struct Node* right; + + Node(int d) { + this->data = d; + this->left = NULL; + this->right = NULL; + } +}; +#+end_src + +We begin by initializing the root of the tree, leaving us with something like this: + +#+begin_example + 1 + / \ +? ? +#+end_example + +Initialize it with the value of ~1~. + +#+begin_src cpp +struct Node* node = new Node(1); +#+end_src + +Creating children for nodes ~2~ and ~3~ will expand the tree outwards in both directions, leaving us with something like this: + +#+begin_example + 1 + / \ + 2 3 + / \ / \ +? ? ? +#+end_example + +This is done by adding the children to the root. + +#+begin_src cpp +root->left = new Node(2); +root->right = new Node(3); +#+end_src + +Expanding down the left side only. + +#+begin_example + 1 + / \ + 2 3 + / \ / \ + 4 ? ? + / \ +? ? +#+end_example + +Adding a branch of ~4~ to ~2~ gives us the final result. + +#+begin_src cpp +root->left->left = new Node(4); +#+end_src + +** Inverting + +#+begin_quote +Google: 90% of our engineers use the software you wrote (homebrew), but you can't invert a binary tree on a whiteboard? F*** off! +#+end_quote + +It's actually not as daunting a task as you may think, given the hype around past statements like that. But what is the process of inverting a binary tree? Starting with the given input: + +#+begin_example + 1 + / \ +2 5 + / \ + 3 4 +#+end_example + +We expect to produce an output matching: + +#+begin_example + 1 + / \ + 5 2 + / \ +4 3 +#+end_example + +Using a recursive approach, we can operate on the tree as to produce the expected result. + +#+begin_src cpp +Node* invert(Node* root) { + if (root == NULL) { + return NULL; + } + + Node* left = invert(root->left); + Node* right = invert(root->right); + + root->left = right; + root->right = left; + + return root; +} +#+end_src